I took this picture while backpacking Tunisia with my partner in 2007. We were in the small city of Mahdia around the Cap d’Afrique. Mahdia was founded as a port in AD 916 by the Fatimid Caliphate, who used the port as a coastal base. The structures in the pictures are the remains of the Fatimid fortifications. These fortifications, among other ruins in Tunisia and throughout the world, should serve as a reminder that human creations and concepts can drastically change.
A Change of State
the modern state and hybrid political orders
